REVIEW OUTLINE:  FAULTING AND EARTHQUAKE GENERATION

Classification of Faults

• Hanging wall vs. foot wall
• Definition of strike and dip
• Dip-slip
• Normal
• Reverse, thrust
• Strike-slip
• Left-lateral
• Right-lateral
• Oblique-slip (combination of strike-slip and dip-slip)

Indicators of fault movement

• Displacement of rock strata
• Offset of ground surface (fault scarps)
• Offset of natural, human features
• Drag folds
• Slickensides  (Fault striations)
• Surveying measurements (GPS, ground surveying)
• Seismological measurements (EQ source mechanism)

Initiation of EQ rupture

• Earthquake focus (hypocenter)
• Earthquake epicenter
• Migration of fracture away from focus

Classification of Seismic Waves

• Body waves
• P (Primary, compressional) wave
• S (Secondary, shear) wave
• Surface waves
• Rayleigh waves (vertical motion, like water wave)
• Love waves (side-to-side motion)