1. Syllable-final closure /2. Neuralization/3. Resyllabification/4. Nasal Assimilation/ 5. ㄹ-assimilation/
6. Tensification/7. Aspiration and ㅎ-weakening/7. Palatalization/8. Palatalization/9. Double consonant reduction/

1. Syllable-final closure: Final consonants are unreleased syllable-finally. [Txt35, Rule 2, Practice 21]

ㄱ: 각 , 목 , 육 , 트럭

ㅂ: 입 , 십 , 집

[No Korean words end in ㄷ 받침.]

2.Neutralization: [Txt35, Rule 2]
Because of the Syllable closure rule, some consonants cannot be realized in the syllable-final position (in isolation or before another consonant), but are neutralized into ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ: 

ㄱ		a soul
	닭 [닥]	넋 [넉]
ㄷ				an individual item
	낫 [낟]	낮 [낟]	낯 [낟]	낱[낟]개
	꽃 [��]	빛 [��]	셋 [�J]	옷 [��]
ㅂ				price
	입 [입]	잎 [입]	무릎 [무릅]	값 [갑]

 

3. Resyllabification: [Txt34, Rule 1]

(C)VC-V(C) --> (C)V-CV(C) : A syllable final consonant (받침) moves into the next syllable when the next syllable begins with a vowel:

목 'neck'+이=목이 [모기] [cf. 모기 'mosquito']
낫 'siecle'+이=낫이 [나시] , 낮 'day time'+=낮이[나지]
낯 'face'+이=낯이 [나치] , 꽃 'flower'+이=꽃이 [꼬치]

입 'mouth'+이=입이 [이비] , 잎 'leaf'+이=잎이 [이피]

no consonant cluster within a syllable. [Txt. 37, Rule 1, practice 20, 21]

• (C)VV(C): 샤워, 가위, 우유, 아이, 오이, 머리, 파이 (C)V-CV(C): 시계, 하나, 포도, 트럭, 카메라, 가방, 왼손, 여자,우표, 교 회 (C)VC-CV(C): 안경, 공룡, 할머니, 풍선, 열쇠, 왼손, 남자, 연필, 전화
• (C)VCC-V(C) --> (C)VC-CV(C): When the following sound is a vowel, the consonant cluster splits into two separate syllables:
  
  • 넋 'soul'+이=넋이 [넉시 -> 넉씨] , 값 'price'+이=값이 [갑시 -> 갑씨]
  • 닭 'chiken'+이=닭이 [달기] or [닥이-> 다기]

    Cf. 종이 --> [종이]
       좋아요 --> [조아요]   Cf. 많아요 --> 만아요 --> 마나요

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  4. Nasal Assimilation: [Txt 36, Rule 3, practice 22]
Final consonants(받침) become nasalized when they are followed by a nasal consonant (i.e., ㄴ, ㅁ).    

ㅂ , ㅍ, ㅃ                --> ㅁ: 밥 먹어요 [밤머거요] , 입만[임만]
ㄱ, ㅋ, ㄲ                 --> ㅇ: 학년 [항년] , 약 먹어요 [양 머거요]
ㄷ, ㅌ, ㄸ, ㅅ, ㅆ, ㅈ, ㅉ, ㅊ, ㅎ--> ㄴ: 몇 년[면년] , 끝나요[끈나요]

  5. ㄹ-assimilation [Txt 36, Rule 4, Practice 23]:
    ㄴ --> ㄹ/ when it follows or precedes ㄹ:

전라도 [절라도] , 진리 [질리] , 신라 [실라]

    ㅇ --> ㄹ/when it follows ㄹ and precedes /i/ or /y/:

물약 [물략] , 서울역 [서울력]

6. Tensification [Txt 36-7, Rule 5, Practice 24, 25]:
Consonant clusters are subject to simplification:
When the following sound is a consonant, consonant clusters are neutralized into one of the 7 representative final consonant, and the following obstruent (stop, affricate, fricative) becomes tensed.

학교 [학꾜] , 식당 [식땅] , 숙제[숙쩨] , 몇 과 [�e꽈] ,
꽃집 [��찝]

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7. Aspiration and ㅎ-weakening [Txt 37, Rule 6, Practice 26, 27]:

• Aspiration [Txt 37, Rule 6, Practice 26]: If a cluster has ㅎ, the following sound becomes aspirated.
  • 몇 학년 [며탕년] , 입학 [이팍] , 어떻게 [어떠케] , 많다 [만타]
  
  
• ㅎ-weakening [Txt 40, Rule 6, Practice 27]
  • 일학년 [이랑년] , 전화 [저놔] , 방학 [방악] , 좋아요 [조아요]

8. Palatalization [Txt 38, Rule 8, Practice 29]

같이 [가치] [cf. 같아요 [가타요] ], 밑이 [미치]

9. Double consonant reduction: Consonant clusters are also neutralized [Txt 38, Rule 7, Practice 28]:

    ㄱㅅ /ks/ , ㄹㄱ/lk/     --> ㄱ [k] : 넋 [넉] , 닭 [닥]
    ㄴㅈ/nc/, ㄴㅎ/nh/       --> ㄴ /n/ : 앉다 [안따] , 많아요 [마나요]
    ㅂㅅ/ps/                     --> ㅂ [p] : 값 [갑] , 없다 [업따]
    ㄹㄱ/lk/, ㄹㅂ/lp/, ㄹㅅ/ls/, ㄹㅌ /lth/, ㄹㅍ /lph/, ㄹㅎ /lh/     --> ㄹ/l/

읽다 [일따] , 넓다 [널따] , 밟다 [발따]
핥다 [할따] or [��따] , 읊다 [을따] or [읍따] , 싫다 [실타]

    ㄹㅁ /lm/                     --> ㅁ [m] : 닮다 [담따]

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