| G2.2 The structure of predicates: the Polite Ending ~¾î¿ä/¾Æ¿ä |
See G2.2 for grammar points.
Predicate endings we have in Lesson 1 and Lesson 2:
Stem |
Ending |
Stem |
Ending |
Stem |
Ending |
| -ÀÌ | ¤²´Ï´Ù (-->ÀÔ´Ï´Ù) |
-ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï |
¿¡¿ä ¿¡¿ä |
¸Ô | ¾î¿ä |
| ¹Ý°© | ½À´Ï´Ù | ÇÏ | ¼¼¿ä | ³Ð | ¾î¿ä |
| ¾È³çÇÏ | ¼¼¿ä | ¸ÀÀÖ | ¾î¿ä | ||
| ÀλçÇÏ | ¼¼¿ä | Àç¹ÌÀÖ | ¾î¿ä | ||
| Áö³» | ¿ä | Áö³» | ¼¼¿ä | ¸¹ | ¾Æ¿ä |
| ½Î | ¿ä | ¾Æ | ¼¼¿ä | ±¦Âú | ¾Æ¿ä |
| ¾É | À¸¼¼¿ä | ÁÁ | ¾Æ¿ä |
<NOTES>
1. -¿¹¿ä:
contracted from -ÀÌ+¿¡¿ä
after
a noun ending in a vowel.
Ä¿¿ä:
contracted from Å©+¾î¿ä
2.-¤²´Ï´Ù/½À´Ï´Ù is a deferential ending, the detailed use of which we will learn in later lessons.
The citation ending ~´Ù:
Copular Stem |
Citation
Ending |
Verb Stem |
Citation
Ending |
Adjective Stem |
Citation
Ending |
| -ÀÌ | ´Ù | ÇÏ | ´Ù | ³Ð | ´Ù |
| ¾Æ´Ï | ´Ù | ¾È³çÇÏ | ´Ù | ÀÖ | ´Ù |
| ÀλçÇÏ | ´Ù | ¸ÀÀÖ | ´Ù | ||
| ¸Ô | ´Ù | ¸¹ | ´Ù | ||
| Áö³» | ´Ù | ±¦Âú | ´Ù | ||
| ¾Ë | ´Ù | ÁÁ | ´Ù | ||
| ¾É | ´Ù | ¹Ý°© | ´Ù | ||
| ½Î | ´Ù |
The Polite Ending ~¾î¿ä/¾Æ¿ä:
(i) Stem |
+ ¿ä | (ii) N-ÇØ |
+¿ä | (iii) Stem |
+¾Æ¿ä | (iv) Stem |
+¾î¿ä |
| Áö³» | ¿ä | ÇØ | ¿ä | ¾É | ¾Æ¿ä | ¸Ô | ¾î¿ä |
| ½Î | ¿ä | ÀλçÇØ | ¿ä | ±¦Âú | ¾Æ¿ä | ³Ð | ¾î¿ä |
| ¸¹ | ¾Æ¿ä | ÀÖ | ¾î¿ä | ||||
| ÁÁ | ¾Æ¿ä | ¸ÀÀÖ | ¾î¿ä |
(i) ~¿ä:
if a stem ends in ¾Æ,
¾Ö,
¾î,
¿¡
without any final consonant (¹Þħ),
simply ~ ¿ä
is attached to the stem. More examples:
(Çб³¿¡) °¡´Ù/°¡¿ä (ÀáÀ») ÀÚ´Ù/ÀÚ¿ä (Ä£±¸¸¦)¸¸³ª´Ù/¸¸³ª¿ä
(ii) N-ÇØ¿ä:
a number of verbs consist of a noun plus ÇÏ´Ù,
e.g. ¾È³çÇÏ´Ù 'be
well', ÀλçÇÏ´Ù
'greet', etc.
When ~¾î¿ä is
attached to the stem ÇÏ-,
the combination is contracted to ÇØ¿ä,
that is,
ÇÏ+¾î¿ä = ÇØ¿ä
More examples:
°øºÎÇØ¿ä ¾ê±âÇØ¿ä ¿îµ¿ÇØ¿ä ¼÷Á¦ÇØ¿ä
The rest of the predicates
are subject to ~¾î¿ä/¾Æ¿ä
variation,
depending on the last vowel
of the stem.
(iii) ~¾Æ¿ä:
if the last vowel of the stem is either ¾Æ
or
¿À
(so-called plus-vowels), ~ ¾Æ¿ä is
attached.
Those predicates that end
in ¿À
are subject to contraction:
º¸´Ù 'see, look': º¸+¾Æ¿ä=ºÁ¿ä
¿À´Ù 'come': ¿À+¾Æ¿ä=¿Í¿ä
(ÅÚ·¹ºñÀüÀ») ºÁ¿ä (Áý¿¡) ¿À´Ù/¿Í¿ä
(iv) ~¾î¿ä:
all the other predicates take ~¾î¿ä.
¸Ô´Ù 'eat':¸Ô¾î¿ä,
ÀÖ´Ù
'exist':
ÀÖ¾î¿ä,
³Ð´Ù
'be
spacious': ³Ð¾î¿ä
¸ÀÀÖ´Ù
'be tasteful, delicious': ¸ÀÀÖ¾î¿ä ¸À¾ø´Ù
'be tasteless':¸À¾ø¾î¿ä
Those predicates that end in a vowel (e.g. ÀÌ or ¿ì) are subject to contraction.
¸¶½Ã´Ù 'drink':¸¶½Ã+¾î¿ä=¸¶¼Å¿ä
ÁÖ´Ù 'give': ÁÖ+¾î¿ä=Áà¿ä
(Ä¿ÇǸ¦)¸¶¼Å¿ä (²ÉÀ») Áà¿ä