G2.2 The structure of predicates: the Polite Ending ~¾î¿ä/¾Æ¿ä

See G2.2 for grammar points.

Predicate endings we have in Lesson 1 and Lesson 2:
Stem
Ending
Stem
Ending
Stem
Ending
-ÀÌ ¤²´Ï´Ù
(-->ÀÔ´Ï´Ù)
-ÀÌ
¾Æ´Ï
¿¡¿ä
¿¡¿ä
¸Ô ¾î¿ä
¹Ý°© ½À´Ï´Ù ÇÏ ¼¼¿ä ³Ð  ¾î¿ä
    ¾È³çÇÏ ¼¼¿ä ¸ÀÀÖ ¾î¿ä
    ÀλçÇÏ ¼¼¿ä Àç¹ÌÀÖ ¾î¿ä
Áö³» ¿ä Áö³»  ¼¼¿ä ¸¹ ¾Æ¿ä
½Î ¿ä ¾Æ ¼¼¿ä ±¦Âú ¾Æ¿ä
    ¾É À¸¼¼¿ä ÁÁ ¾Æ¿ä

<NOTES>
1. -¿¹¿ä: contracted from -ÀÌ+¿¡¿ä after a noun ending in a vowel.
Ä¿¿ä: contracted from Å©+¾î¿ä

2.-¤²´Ï´Ù/½À´Ï´Ù is a deferential ending, the detailed use of which we will learn in later lessons.

The citation ending ~´Ù:
 
Copular Stem
Citation
Ending
Verb Stem
Citation
Ending
Adjective Stem
Citation
Ending
-ÀÌ ´Ù ÇÏ ´Ù ³Ð ´Ù
¾Æ´Ï ´Ù ¾È³çÇÏ ´Ù ÀÖ ´Ù
    ÀλçÇÏ ´Ù ¸ÀÀÖ ´Ù
    ¸Ô ´Ù ¸¹ ´Ù
    Áö³»  ´Ù ±¦Âú ´Ù
    ¾Ë ´Ù ÁÁ ´Ù
    ¾É ´Ù ¹Ý°© ´Ù
        ½Î ´Ù

The Polite Ending ~¾î¿ä/¾Æ¿ä:
(i) Stem
+ ¿ä
(ii) N-ÇØ
+¿ä
(iii) Stem
+¾Æ¿ä
(iv) Stem
+¾î¿ä
Áö³» ¿ä ÇØ ¿ä ¾É ¾Æ¿ä ¸Ô ¾î¿ä
½Î ¿ä ÀλçÇØ ¿ä ±¦Âú ¾Æ¿ä ³Ð ¾î¿ä
        ¸¹ ¾Æ¿ä ÀÖ ¾î¿ä
        ÁÁ ¾Æ¿ä ¸ÀÀÖ ¾î¿ä

(i) ~¿ä: if a stem ends in ¾Æ, ¾Ö, ¾î, ¿¡ without any final consonant (¹Þħ),
            simply ~ ¿ä is attached to the stem. More examples:

(Çб³¿¡) °¡´Ù/°¡¿ä 
(ÀáÀ») ÀÚ´Ù/ÀÚ¿ä 
(Ä£±¸¸¦)¸¸³ª´Ù/¸¸³ª¿ä

 

(ii) N-ÇØ¿ä: a number of verbs consist of a noun plus ÇÏ´Ù,
                 e.g. ¾È³çÇÏ´Ù 'be well', ÀλçÇÏ´Ù 'greet', etc.
                When ~¾î¿ä is attached to the stem ÇÏ-, the combination is contracted to ÇØ¿ä, that is,
 

ÇÏ+¾î¿ä = ÇØ¿ä

More examples:

°øºÎÇØ¿ä
¾ê±âÇØ¿ä
¿îµ¿ÇØ¿ä
¼÷Á¦ÇØ¿ä

                                   

The rest of the predicates are subject to ~¾î¿ä/¾Æ¿ä variation,
depending on the last vowel of the stem.

(iii) ~¾Æ¿ä: if the last vowel of the stem is either ¾Æ or ¿À (so-called plus-vowels), ~ ¾Æ¿ä is attached.
Those predicates that end in ¿À are subject to contraction:

º¸´Ù 'see, look': º¸+¾Æ¿ä=ºÁ¿ä
¿À´Ù 'come':       ¿À+¾Æ¿ä=¿Í¿ä

(ÅÚ·¹ºñÀüÀ») ºÁ¿ä
(Áý¿¡) ¿À´Ù/¿Í¿ä

 

(iv) ~¾î¿ä: all the other predicates take ~¾î¿ä.
¸Ô´Ù 'eat':¸Ô¾î¿ä, ÀÖ´Ù 'exist': ÀÖ¾î¿ä, ³Ð´Ù 'be spacious': ³Ð¾î¿ä
¸ÀÀÖ´Ù 'be tasteful, delicious': ¸ÀÀÖ¾î¿ä ¸À¾ø´Ù 'be tasteless':¸À¾ø¾î¿ä

Those predicates that end in a vowel (e.g. ÀÌ or ¿ì) are subject to contraction.

¸¶½Ã´Ù 'drink':¸¶½Ã+¾î¿ä=¸¶¼Å¿ä
ÁÖ´Ù 'give':       ÁÖ+¾î¿ä=Áà¿ä

(Ä¿ÇǸ¦)¸¶¼Å¿ä
(²ÉÀ») Áà¿ä

 

Classroom material