VENTILATION

Fall  2000
105 Points

     Ventilation is the movement of air in and out of the lungs.   Respiration is the interchange of gases between the air and the tissue.  This lab will address both of these issues during exercise and in pulmonary disease.  Pulmonary disease can affect both ventilation and respiration.  The previous lab on spirometry demonstrated how various lung diseases can affect pulmonary functions.  This lab goes further to explore measures of gas exchange, normal and abnormal.

Click here to download the lab write-up.

Click here to download the data form.
Turn this data form in to Dr. Wallace as soon as you collect the data.

 

LABORATORY PROCEDURES:

    Randomize the order of maximal tests between lab sections.  Spread the two maximal tests over two lab sessions.  Students can work in groups of five; 1 subject, 1 to run the metabolic cart, 1 to take heart rate and blood pressure, and 1 to coodinate/record/time etc.

  1. Measure

    • Heart Rate (HR)
    • Blood Pressure (BP)
    • Ventilation (VE)
    • Oxygen Uptake (VO2)
    • Oxygen Saturation (SaO2)
    • Carbon Dioxide Production (VCO2)
    • Ventilatory Equivalent for Oxygen (VE/VO2)
    • Ventilatory Equivalent for Carbon Dioxide (VE/VCO2)
    • End Tidal Oxygen Concentrations (ETO2)
    • End Tidal Carbon Dioxide Concentrations (ETCO2)
    • Tidal Volume (VT)
    • Breathing Frequency (BR)
    • Oxygen Pulse (O2 Pulse)
    • Ventilatory Threshold (TVENT)

    for a maximal exercise test on

    • arm crank ergometer
    • the cycle ergometer

  2. Test protocols: Use ramp protocols if available.  Otherwise, use smaller, shorter stages.

      
    • For arm work
      • Start at 75 kpm/min
      • Increase 75 kpm/min each mintue
      • Active recovery
    • For leg work
      • Start at 150 kpm/min
      • Increase 150 kpm/min each mintue
      • Active recovery

  3. For the Sensor Medics 2900 Metabolic cart:

    1. Use the same ID number for each test so that the results from both can be reclaimed and plotted by the cart.

    2. Use the breath by breath option to collect the data.   That is, calibrate the [F6] breath by breath option for the gases and the [F4] toggle in the Test Windows.

    3. Print out the Pulmonary Profile [F1] from the Text Reports to get a summary of most of the data.

      • Use the rolling average of 9 breaths when plotting or printing out test results.

    4. Print out the Anaerobic Threshold Graph from the Advanced Graphics Reports for the Ventilatory Threshold.   The ventilatory threshold can be determined in this printing option.

REFERENCES
  1. ACSM Reference Manual
  2. Astrand
  3. McArdle, Katch & Katch
  4. Wasserman

 

QUESTIONS

   List all references used.

  1. Graph the following graphs.   Make sure that the arm and leg responses are on the same graph and in different colors.   Don't forget to label the graph completely.

    The metabolic cart can produce all of these graphs for you.   If you use the cart, turn in one set of graphs for everyone in your group, in an effort to conserve trees.

    • The ventilatory response to arm and leg exercise.   (5 points)
    • The tidal volume response to arm and leg exercise.   (5 points)  
    • The breathing frequency response to arm and leg exercise.   (5 points)  
    • The oxygen saturation to arm and leg exercise.   (5 points)  
    • The ventilatory equivalent response to arm and leg exercise.   (5 points)  
    • Graph the ETCO2 and ETO2 response to arm and leg exercise.   (5 points)

  2. In the ventilatory response to exercise, how do the different factors affecting ventilation (breathing frequency vs tidal volume) contribute to the response to graded exercise?   (5 points)

  3. Identify the Ventilatory Threshold.   (3 points)
  4. Define the Ventilatory Threshold?   (5 points)
  5. What is happening with metabolic systems in reference to (above and below) the Ventilatory Threshold?   (5 points)
  6. Does the Ventilatory Threshold vary for different modes of exercise?   Why/why not?   (5 points)
  7. Does the Ventilatory Threshold change with physical conditioning?   If so, what are the mechanisms?   (5 points)
  8. What is ventilatory equivalent?   (5 points)
    • What is the formula for ventilatory equivalent?   (5 points)
    • Which mode of exercise (arm or leg) has the most efficient ventilatory response to exercise?   (3 points)
    • How does ventilatory equivalent change in bronchitis?   Why?   (5 points)

  9. Saturation and end tidal gases:
    • What is the normal SaO2 response to graded exercise?   (5 points)
    • How would SaO2 response to graded exercise change in emphysema? (5 points)
    • What is the normal ETCO2 and ETO2 response to graded exercise?   (5 points)
    • How would ETCO2 and ETO2 response to graded exercise change in asthma?   (5 points)

  10. Is ventilation the limiting factor for exercise?   (5 points)   Hint: Compare the VEmax to MVV.

  11. When does ventilation become the limiting factor for exercise?    (5 points)