Research: New Ideas and Instrumentation, Fundamental Plasma Studies, Molecular Analysis and Chemical Sensors, Elemental Mass Spectrometry

Fundamental Mechanisms of Matrix Effects and Analyte Excitations in Inductively Coupled Plasma

Inductively Coupled Plasma Diagnostics to Determine Matrix Effects

Effect of a Mass Spectrometer Interface on the Fundamental Properties of the ICP

Characterizing Fundamental Parameters of the Glow Discharge

Laterally Resolved Analyte Spatial Mapping Using a Pulsed Glow Discharged

Fundamental Mechanisms of Matrix Effects
and Analyte Excitations in Inductively Coupled Plasma

One of the important remaining challenges with the ICP is the understanding and elimination of matrix effects. An ICP spectrometer equipped with a 2-D array detector that can simultaneously measure multiple emission lines from an analyte can be used to deduce the matrix-effect mechanism. By monitoring the change in emission intensity originating from different excitation levels of the analyte while in the presence of a matrix, a picture of how the matrix perturbs the analyte excitation levels can be obtained. This can lead to the deduction of the fundamental mechanisms for a specific matrix effect. Moreover, information on the excitation mechanism for a particular energy level of the analyte can also be obtained.

Vertically resolved measurement of analyte emission in the ICP is also being studied as a promising indicator for the presence of matrix effects. With a special optical arrangement, the whole vertical profile of the ICP can be measured simultaneously with spatial resolution. The principle of this method is based on the fact that plasma behavior and excitation conditions are heterogeneous along its vertical axis. As a result, the magnitude and even the direction of matrix effects are functions of the observation height in the ICP. Consequently, the apparent concentration of the analyte changes with the observation height in the plasma. The transition where the enhancement effects are balanced by the depressions results in a spatial region with no apparent matrix effect (the so-called cross-over point), and only the analytical data from this particular cross-over point is accurate. A novel approach for in-situ determination of this cross-over point for the compensation of plasma-related matrix effects is also a focus of this project. 

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Laser Scattering for Characterization of Plasma Fundamental 
Properties in the Inductively Coupled Plasma and Glow Discharge

Plasmas (e.g. the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and glow discharge (GD) are important tools in elemental analysis. However, these techniques still suffer from sample-related matrix effects, which affect analytical accuracy. An improved understanding of the plasmas could yield methods for the reduction of these effects. A 3-D picture of the plasma behavior can be developed by measuring the fundamental parameters of the discharge: the gas-kinetic temperature (Tg), electron temperature (Te), and electron number density (ne). We employ a number of techniques, all available in one instrument, to obtain this information. These techniques include Thomson scattering, Rayleigh scattering, laser-saturated atomic fluorescence, and computer-aided tomography.

The inductively coupled plasma (ICP) has become a popular source for atomic mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).  Like many techniques, ICP-MS suffers from matrix interferences.  Although most of the work to date has focused on the mass spectrometer, the ICP itself also suffers from matrix effects and may contribute to the observed ICP-MS interferences.  To study matrix effects in the plasma, a mass spectrometer interface has been coupled to the ICP.  This setup allows optical monitoring of fundamental plasma parameters to determine if these properties are changed by the presence of the interface.

Although GD optical emission spectrometry (GD-OES) can compete in many ways with other techniques for surface analysis, it does not, under typical conditions, give any information about the lateral (in the plane of the surface) variations in surface composition. It has been shown, however, that in an otherwise homogeneous sample, some information about the location of plug of a second material embedded in the sample can be acquired by scanning across the sample surface and analyzing the intensity distribution of the line emission from the two materials.  The peak intensity of the minority material signal is found above its location on the sample, at the same location as a dip in the intensity of the majority material signal. Preliminary results show that using short pulses yields better lateral resolution.  Factors affecting the lateral resolution are currently being studied.