Questions for the Second Essay -- Fall 2003

Your essays should be left in my box in the History Office (742 Ballantine) before 3:00 Monday, December 15.

Note: The History Department Closes at 4:30.

Below you will find the questions for the second essay. Write a 5-page response to one of these questions. The format of the essay is the same as the previous one and may be accessed here.

1) Most early secular visions of Progress, such as those of Condorcet, envisioned a united humanity working together in the future to conquer nature and create a better world for all. But in the late 19th and in the 20th centuries new issues have arisen that have explicitly or implicitly thrown into question the assumptions and values upon which classical notions of progress were constructed. Discuss the way in which the increasing role of three or four of the issues below in discussions of the future have weakened the values and assumptions underpinning progress.

A. Consideration of cultural differences
B. Race
C. Gender
D. Underclass
E. Military conflicts
F. The environment

2) You have finished the course, and over Christmas break your friends and/or family ask you about this course because they really want to know how people have thought about the future in the years since 1870. What are the four most important themes you would want to explain to them? What themes are so important that to leave them out would fail to do justice to their understanding of visions of the future? (You may choose your themes from the titles of the sections of the course in the syllabus.)

Explain and defend the importance you ascribe to each theme by using specific examples from the works below. For each theme use one of more of the sources to give your audience a sense of how this vision of the future was expressed and what assumptions and values underlay it. (Note you may use a single work as an example of more than one issue. In general papers that use more than one work to support a particular theme will be considered stronger.)

A. H.G. Wells, The Time Machine
B. H.G. Wells, Things to Come and the selections from War in the Air
C. Jack London, "The Unparalleled Invasion"
D. Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward
E. Rydell's discussions of worlds' fairs
F. Lillie Devereux Blake's "A Divided Republic: An Allegory of the Future" (1885)
G. Star Trek
H. Jonathan Schell, The Fate of the Earth
I. William Morris, News from Nowhere
J. Rachel Carson, The Silent Spring