U469  Mongolia:  Theocracy, Communism, Democracy
(formerly Mongols of the 20th Century)
Week 7:  Thursday
 
  1. The 1920s: economy, culture, society
    1. Revival of trade
      1. Renewed connection with China via Zhangjiakou
      2. New bank, new silver currency (1924-5)
      3. People’s Mutual Aid Cooperatives: grows, monopolizes trade
      4. Trade turns toward the Soviet Union
    2. Modernization and Expansion of Education and Military
      1. Army and schools primary organ for spreading revolutionary culture
      2. Expansion of schools at all levels
        1. Officer academy, 1921
        2. Party School, 1924, Normal School, 1924
    3. Tone of the new culture
      1. "Confucian" ethos among patriotic officials
        1. Role of lamas as elders taken over by government officials
        2. Education, loyalty to state, "improvement" stressed
        3. Study of Chinggis Khan through Chinese, Western sources
        4. Zhamtsarano, Jamyang and Institute of Philology
      2. Propagandistic plays among Youth Leaguers
        1. Beijing opera popular in Mongolia
        2. Buyannemekhü, etc., youth leaguers writes propaganda plays
      3. Early translations of Communist classics (Buriats, Russian-educated youth)
        1. Usually practical speeches by Lenin, little theory
      4. Studies abroad
        1. Leningrad (academic study)
        2. Communist U. of the Toilers of the East, Tver Red Army School
        3. Studies in Germany: Natsugdorji
      5. Large role of Buriats and Inner Mongols
        1. Buriat population in northern Mongolia
        2. Inner Mongolian and Bargu students migrate to Mongolia
  2. City and Country: The Fall of the Dambadorji Regime
    1. The City (khota/khoto) Faction
      1. Dambadorji, Jaddamba, Gelesengge, Khayangkhirwa
        1. Strong control of the party, strict party discipline
        2. Almost total control of the party presidium, OIS
        3. Taxed monasteries put down riot, June, 1926
        4. Desired diplomatic relations with Japan, Feng Yuxiang, etc.
    2. The Country (khödöö/kudon) faction
      1. Officials of rural origin, rose after the revolution
        1. Gendün–chairman of State Great Khural
        2. Jigjedjab–Dariganga, cooperative head
      2. Against "new rich"
      3. Against use of old-style officials, White Russian Buriats, etc.
      4. Against strict party discipline
      5. For revolution NOW!
    3. The Fight:
      1. Amagaev and ECCI vs. Dambadorji, Jan. 1927-Sept.1928
        1. Jan., 1927: Comintern presses MPRP to go left
        2. Aug., 1927, Amagaev uses students & rurals to purge PRPIM
        3. Students in USSR (KUTV-ists, Tverists), UB Party School
        4. Dambadorji regime disciplines, jails leftist opponents
      2. Seventh Party Congress (Sept-Dec. 1928)
        1. Comintern delegation allies with youth and rurals
        2. Promotes essentially anarcho-syndicalist ideas
        3. Appoints new leaders
          1. Amur PM, three man party secretariat.