U469  Mongolia:  Theocracy, Communism, Democracy
(formerly Mongols of the 20th Century)
Week 6:  Tuesday
 
  1. The Revolutionaries
    1. The East Khüriye group
      1. Founded by Danzin after Xu dissolves Mongolian parliament
      2. Headed by Danzin,
        1. Illegitimate son of Khalkha woman, left with grandpa
        2. Wandered Gobi, trading, thieving,
        3. Entered Khüriye, 1911-2, became customs official
      3. Other members
        1. Dogsom: official in Army Ministry, well educated
        2. Sükhebaatur: machine gunner, son of Khüriye proletarians
          1. Education from Duke Jamyang, later typesetter
    2. The Consul Hill group
      1. Founded by BodÇ, member of the Great Shabi
        1. Lama, literate in Mongolian, Tibetan, Manchu, Chinese
        2. Worked in Erdeni Shanzudba
        3. Taught in Russian interpreters school, assisted Zhamtsarano
      2. Chagdurjab, lama
        1. Had tried to form coop, went to Europe (Rome, London)
      3. Choibalsang, son of Daur man and Khalkha woman
        1. Ran away from monastery, came to Khüriye as destitute
        2. Met Buriat in consulate, sent to Irkutsk as interpreter
        3. In Irkutsk met El’bek-Dorzhi Rinchino
    3. Common themes
      1. Born in the countryside, migrated to Khüriye
      2. Mostly with no secure social position
        1. Illegitimacy common
      3. Employed in Theocratic government
      4. Contact with Russian embassy
    4. Other groups against Chinese rule centered on nobility
      1. One group appealed to United States for assistance:
        1. Many members became high officials in new regime
    5. Buriat assistants
      1. Tsyben Zhamtsarano: voice of moderation, suspicious of China
      2. El’bek-Dorzhi Rinchino
        1. Social Revolutionary, active supporter of Dauriia St. govt.
        2. Recruited by Bolsheviks: adviser to Mongolian People’s Party
  2. Aims of the revolutionary groups
    1. E. Khüriye + Consul Hill=Mongolian People’s Party, appeal to Soviet Russia
    2. Primary aim: eject the Chinese
      1. Restore "awtonomi": what does that mean
      2. Purge the traitors, reform the government, put commoners in power
    3. White Russians became convenient issue for Soviet Russia
    4. Buriat Autonomous regions being formed by Bolsheviks, 1921-1923
    5. Forms constitutional government with Bogda as titular ruler.
  3. Factional struggles in the new regime: The BodÇ "conspiracy"
    1. Constant balancing between 3 factions
      1. Old Consul Hill: ambitious, often impulsive, doctrinaire
      2. Old East Khüriye: strong in army, moderate domestically
      3. Patriotic high officials: seeks recognition, anti-Chinese
      4. Russians control: Army staff, Military council, O. of Int. Security
    2. Revolutionary Troika: Consul Hill group supported by Bolsheviks, Rinchino
      1. BodÇ Prime Minister after rejoining party in Kiakhta (April, 1921)
      2. Danzin: Finance Minister and party chief until 1923
      3. Sükhebaatur: Commander-in-Chief
    3. BodÇ in power: July-Feb., 1922:  unstable mix
      1. Revolutionary ideas
        1. Friend of Choibalsang and his "League of Revolutionary Youth"
        2. Publicizes idea of republican constitution
        3. Choibalsang's youth attacks old dress and customs
      2. Conservative connections
        1. Seeks American recognition, meets U.S. Consul Sokobin
          1. US Consulate just opened in Zhangjiakou
          2. Sokobin visits Khüriye:  Sept. 1921, Jan. 1922
        2. Pardons JK's entourage involved in coup attempt
      3. Danzin, Rinchino, Sükhebaatar force Bodô's resignation
    4. New climate:  Both more cautious and more Soviet-controlled
      1. Danzin gets Jalkhanza Khutugtu to be prime minister
        1. Party has no influence, Youth League's provocations stopped
      2. August, 1922:  OIS concocts conspiracy
        1. Bodô, Chagdurjab:  disgraced Consul Hill figures
        2. Coup plotters in JK's entourage
        3. Sokobin, Zhang Zuolin, in absentia
      3. Military Council (Rinchino, Sükhebaatur) approve execution
        1. Choibalsang barely avoids execution, guaranteed by Sükhebaatur