U469  Mongolia:  Theocracy, Communism, Democracy
(formerly Mongols of the 20th Century)
Week 5:  Thursday
 
  1. Finance, Trade, and Economics
    1. Russian increase in Mongolia
      1. Gold Mining financed by Russo-Chinese syndicate 1900
        1. funds Russo-Belgian company Mongolor head Van Grot
      2. Russian share of imports rose to 35%
      3. Korostovets takes over state budget
      4. Rubles becomes money of account for government
      5. 1898: 1,800 lines of telegraph; 1915: 2,500; fifty phones in Khüriye
      6. 1919 Radio station in Khüriye
    2. Chinese decline
      1. Large emigration of Chinese, cultivation in Selenge declined
      2. Russian trade unable to make up volume, "goods famine"
      3. Government encourages farming in Khowd area
    3. Trade to world market (USA) via Tianjin
      1. 1900: 309,000 puu; 1909: 900,000 puu; 1911: 1,500,000 puu
      2. 1916: regular auto transport proposed by Meyer & Larson (US firm)
      3. Service begun 1918
    4. Mongolian attempts at nativizing economy
      1. Zhamtsarano strong advocate of economic nativization
        1. Proposes local farms, local manufactures to displace Chinese
        2. Proposes joint-stock cartage company to displace US auto
      2. Chagdurjab (future revolutionary) proposes co-op, travels Europe
  2. Russian Revolution, Dauriia Station, revocation of autonomy, Ungern-Sternberg
    1. Russian revolution and Buriatia
      1. February Days: Tsar overthrown
        1. Buriats form Buriat National Committee (Burnatskom)
        2. Support Social Revolutionary Party (rural, decentralized)
        3. Call for Buriat National Duma
      2. October Days: Bolsheviks seize power in cities
        1. Buriats back SR’s, calling coup d’etat illegal
        2. Summer, 1918, Siberia in hands of White Russians
        3. Rejection of national autonomy, for unitary Russia
      3. Ataman Semënov controls Chinese Eastern Railway, Transbaikalia
        1. Enrolled in Buriat Cossacks, half-Buriat
        2. Nov., 1918, Feb. 1919: Buriat National Dumas
        3. February, 1919, organizes pan-Mongolian gov’t at Dauriia St.
        4. Participants from Hulun Buir, IM Khutugtu enrolled
        5. Khüriye rejects pressure to join
    2. Revocation
      1. Kiakhta puts Chinese reps., guards back in Khüriye
      2. Fear and dissatisfaction with government
        1. Fear of Bolsheviks, fear of White Russians (esp. Semënov)
        2. Fear of pan-Mongolian movement: outsiders dominating Khalkha
        3. Aristocratic dissatisfaction with expansion of Great Shabi
        4. Zhamtsarano etc. Buriats return home to Siberia
      3. Skillful negotiations by Chen Yi, but Russian chaos was root issue
      4. Tuva recovered September, 1919, Mongolia November, KB, January, 1920
      5. Chen Yi replaced by "Little" Xu Shuzheng, handover, Feb. 1920
    3. Bolsheviks advance
      1. Reconquer Irkutsk, January, 1920, Verkhneudinsk, March, 1920
      2. Semënov declares independence, retreats to Chinese Eastern Railway
      3. Bolsheviks had little or no Buriat support, local Bolsheviks for assimilation
    4. Semënov’s general, Baron Ungern-Sternberg, moves into Mongolia from HB
      1. Army is mostly HB, Inner Mongols ("Chakhars")
      2. Attacks Khüriye in Nov., 1920, defeated by Chinese, Feb. 1921 succeeds
      3. Receives broad support of Mongolians against Chinese regime
      4. Cuts off developing Khüriye-Zhangjiakou trade