U469  Mongolia:  Theocracy, Communism, Democracy
(formerly Mongols of the 20th Century)
Week 5:  Tuesday
 
  1. "Advanced" nuclei outside the Mongols
    1. 1900-1910: Certain Mongol groups >> local modernization movements
    2. Buriats
      1. Heavy colonization 1895 on, western farms, eastern herders
      2. Western Buriats: write in Russian, no Buddhism, Orthodox Christian
      3. Eastern Buriats: Buddhist, use Mongolian, widely literate
      4. Buriat intelligentsia: teachers, do folklore studies, reform B-ism
      5. After 1905 revolution: Buriats join new Duma, support cultural aut.
      6. Cooperated with Russian aims as agents in Mongolia, Tibet
    3. East Mongols
      1. Largely farmers, landlords of Chinese tenants
      2. Secular schools started by nobility, strongly anti-clerical
      3. In Japanese sphere, students to Japan
      4. Loyal to Manchus till 1912, suspicious of JK, joined R. of China
      5. Duke Khaisan, on outs at home, become leader of 1911 Restoration
    4. Daurs (minority in Hulun Buir/Barga area)
      1. Urban, ranching elite in pastoral area with railway
      2. Traditionally part of internal banners, Manchu written language
      3. Autonomy abolished under New Policies
      4. 1912: rural officials lead rebellion seize capital, joins with OM
  2. Cultural events and trends in independent Mongolia
    1. Russian influences on Mongolia
      1. Korostovets serves as consul-general in Mongolia
        1. Helps Mongolia draw up budget
        2. Mongolia creates national anthem (< Gorlos folk song)
        3. Order of Ochirdara
      2. Influence of Tsyben Zhamtsarano
        1. Eastern Buriat, reformist Buddhist, member of Russian Duma
        2. Came to Mongolia with staff of Russian consulate
        3. Publishes New Mirror, first periodical in Mongolia proper
          1. Treaties, geography, social progress, Mongol empire
        4. Succeeded by News from Neislel Khüriye
        5. 1914, drew up summary of world government institutions
          1. Led to creation of bicameral Mongolian parliament
      3. New schools
        1. Translator's school of foreign ministry
          1. Attached to Russian consulate, Buriat teachers
        2. Telegraph school in Kyakhta
    2. Inner Mongolian influences
      1. Barga and Daur influences
        1. Damdinsürüng serves as Mongolian general
          1. Barga banner system not hereditary; jasag system criticized
          2. Damdinsürüng himself proposes comprehensive reform
        2. Duke Tsengde
          1. Using Chinese edition, re-translates Secret History
        3. After 1915, many stayed in Mongolia, HB still in Russian sphere
      2. East Mongolian influences
        1. Duke Khaisan, Prince Gonchugsürüng
          1. Felt underappreciated, lack of reform
        2. After 1915 Khaisan and Prince Gon return to Inner Mongolia