U469  Mongolia:  Theocracy, Communism, Democracy
(formerly Mongols of the 20th Century)
Week 4:  Tuesday
 

 

  1. The Theocratic Period in comparative perspective
    1. Final advance of Western imperialism in East Asia
      1. Russia used 1911 to make spheres more secure
        1. Outer Mongolia (Khalkha + Khobdo area)
        2. Tannu Tuva:
          1. Traditionally under viceroy of Uliastai, part of OM
          2. Russian colonization, slated for annexation
        3. Hulun Burr/Barga
          1. January, 1912, officials rise against New Policies
          2. 1912-1915 integral part of OM, many join OM govt.
          3. 1915: separated, made special region, Russia wants it
      2. 1911 revolution confirmed Open Door policy
        1. China will respect spheres of influence
        2. No power will exclude others’ businessmen
        3. No annexation of China’s 1911 territory
      3. World War I: Russian trade and industry can’t follow up advantage
    2. Ethno-legal theory
      1. Mongols subject to Manchus, not to Chinese, so 1911 rev. freed them
        1. Valid aspects
          1. Viceroys always Manchu or Mongol garrison bannermen
          2. Han officials served only limited roles in Mongolia
          3. 1911 Restoration aimed against New Policies
        2. Invalid aspects:
          1. Restoration planned in summer 1911
          2. No loyalty to Manchu house left in Khalkha rulers
          3. Manchu house ruled north China until Feb., 1912
          4. Manchu emperor is autocrat, no limit on powers
        3. Where did the theory come from?
          1. East Mongols loyal, break away after Manchu abdication
    3. Comparison to Central Tibet
      1. Similarities:
        1. Conservative restorations by established leaders
        2. Ruled by lamas, who become "dual rulers of church and state"
          1. Dalai Lama
          2. Jibzundamba Khutugtu
        3. Thwarted desire to unite all the Mongols
        4. Outside sponsors forced them into treaty relation
          1. British India brokered Simla agreement in Tibet, 1914
          2. Russia brokered Kiakhta treaty, 1915
      2. Differences
        1. Tibetans insisted they had not been part of Manchu Qing
        2. Mongols acknowledged that they had been, but threw it off
        3. Dalai Lama’s gov’t made little change in titles, dates
        4. Mongols adopted Manchu/Chinese codes of diplomacy