U469  Mongolia:  Theocracy, Communism, Democracy
(formerly Mongols of the 20th Century)
Week 3:  Thursday
Changes in the Qing and Mongolian Independence

 

  1. Changes in Mongolia’s place in the Qing empire
    1. 1662-1799: Strong focus on Mongolia, government generally effective
      1. Focus of government was on Inner Asian frontier
      2. Emperors actively patronized Mongolian culture
    2. 1799-1901: Little attention to Mongolia
      1. Early 19th century, influence of laissez-faire trade policies
      2. Chinese traders begin extensive ownership of Mongolian livestock
      3. Opium War (1840) turned attention of Qing government to sea-frontier
      4. Banner armies fail in Taiping rebellion, Muslim rebellion (1854-1872)
      5. 1875 on, Qing officials & court import foreign technology, books
  2. The New Policies, 1901-1911
    1. 1900: Boxer uprising and 9-Power invasion: colossal indemnity
      1. Qing court tries to rally anti-Christian sentiment
      2. Some success in Inner Mongolia
      3. Russia occupies Manchuria, builds Chinese Eastern Railway
    2. 1901: Qing court begins "New Policies"
      1. Policy of conserving dynastic institutions abandoned
      2. Massive program of sending students abroad to Japan
      3. Invitation of numerous Japanese teachers to China
      4. Design of constitution, (extremely limited) Parliament
      5. New police, prisons, schools: paid by increased local taxes
    3. Foreign situation of the Qing empire
      1. From 1860: Qing has regular diplomatic relations
      2. 1860: Russian consul in Khüriye (first foreign presence)
        1. Russian trade, knowledge increases, but
        2. Russian cultural presence still extremely limited
        3. Much of the trade actually transit trade
        4. Significant exports, but Russian goods face tough competition
      3. Russia building Trans-Siberian railway, 1895 on
      4. Russo-French alliance faces Anglo-Japanese alliance
        1. Russo-Japanese war, 1904-1905: Japan wins
        2. British invade Tibet, 1904
      5. 1910-1912: Russia, Japan, Britain divide spheres, turn allied
        1. Southern Manchuria, Southeast Inner Mongolia > Japan
        2. Outer Mongolia, Hulun Buir/Barga, Xinjiang > Russia
        3. Central Tibet > Britain
        4. But all recognize formal Chinese sovereignty
  3. New Policies in Inner Asia
    1. Response to foreign threat: Russia in North, Britain in Tibet
      1. Planned colonization is main response
        1. Significant colonization in Inner Mongolia, Mongolia already
          1. Quite profitable for banners (they receive rent)
          2. Area of corruption
        2. Difference is now scale, and Qing will get profit
        3. Inner Mongolia: from 1906 on, meets heavy resistance
          1. 1910: IM rebel Togtakhu taiji pass through Setsen Khan
      2. 1910: SandÇ/Sanduo appointed to Da Khüriye as amban
        1. Mandate to implement New Policies
        2. Large frontier areas set aside for Chinese cultivation
        3. New army barracks, new Mongol army to be recruited
        4. New schools with Confucian/scientific education
        5. Paid by local taxes
      3. Dalai Lama flees British in 1904, 1905 goes to Da Khüriye
        1. Suppressed rivalry with Jebdzundamba Khutugtu
        2. Returns to Tibet via Beijing, but court seeks to detain him
        3. Chinese general Zhao Erfeng appointed amban in Lhasa
        4. Colonization, violent resistance in eastern Tibet
        5. 1910: Chinese troops reach Lhasa, widespread resistance
        6. Dalai Lama flees to British India
    2. Mongolian responses
      1. Mutinies of banner troops mobilized against Muslims, Boxers (1900)
      2. Riots, especially after 1900: usually lamas against Chinese
      3. Earlier Jibzundambas repeatedly protested Chinese shops in Da Khüree
      4. 1900: In Boxer crisis: 8th Jibdzundamba sends request for Russian aid
        1. Russian policy: wait till fall of Qing makes evolution natural
    3. Aim of Mongolian independence: pre-emptive counterrevolution