L100 - Exam Two - study guide part 2 - Circulation, Respiration and Digestion

Circulatory, Respiratory

1. Explain the differences between the pulmonary & systemic systems. What is the function of the 4-chambered heart? Why is it more efficient than say a 3-chambered heart of a reptile? I didn't specifically address this -- think about what I said the advantage of the 4-chambered heart is.

2. You should be able to diagram out the pathway blood takes as it goes through the circulatory system, including whether the blood is oxygenated or de-oxygenated at each step (note you will be doing something of this in lab, we didn't get all of the details in lecture, though most of them).

• heart (list all four chambers separately)
• lungs
• pulmonary veins
• pulmonary arteries
• aorta
• superior vena cava
• inferior vena cava (how do the two vena cava differ?)
• veins
• venules
• capillaries
• arteries
• arterioles

3. What maintains the one-way direction of flow in the heart? Be specific and explain how it works.

4. Why is the left side of the heart more muscular than the right side? Again, not specifically addressed in class -- think about the functions of the two sides.

5. Where are the atrioventricular vavles? semilunar values?

6. What is systole and diastole? What is the pacemaker of the heart? Is there a difference in timing between the artia contracting and the ventricles? Why is this important?

7. What is an electrocardiogram (ECG)? --Extra credit will be given for the ability to interpret the ECG wave - what each component represents.

8. Understand the differences between the various blood vessels in the body. What are the main differences between veins and arteries?

9. What is 110/80 mean for a blood pressure? What do the two numbers mean?

10. Since the blood pressure is lowest in the veins, how does the blood get moved back up to the heart against gravity? Why does the blood move the slowest through the capillaries? Why is this important (what is the role of the capillaries)?

11. How and why are breathing and cellular respiration tied together? Explain the relationship.

12. Explain how ventilation works in humans (inhalation and exhalation). What role does the diaphragm play?

13. Be comfortable with the pathway in which air flows through the respiratory system (in mammals). Where does gas exchange take place? What is gas exchange?

14. Why do the lungs inflate when the chest cavity expands?

15. What is the role of the cilia on the epithelial lined respiratory passages? What is the role of mucus?

16. Explain how gas exchange takes place as the level of the alveolus and the capillaries (as well as between the capillaries and body tissues).

17. How is oxygen carried in the blood? carbon dioxide?

18. What regulates breathing? Explain why it is easier to hold your breath after hyperventilating?

19. How is heart rate influenced by exercise (results from your lab)? Explain why exercise might affect heart rate (conclusions from experiment).

Digestive System

1. What are essential nutrients? Know the four groups of essential nutrients. Why do vegetarians have to worry more about getting a balance of essential nutrients as compared to individuals who eat meat?

2. How does food travel through the digestive system - what is the pathway? Be specific. For each structure in the digestive system understand the function or its role in digestion. (This is a long answer!)

3. What is peristalsis?

4. What are gastric juices? Where are the secreted, and what is their role in digestion?

5. What is the epiglottis - explain its role.

6. What are the accessory glands of digestion (connected to digestive system chemically, but not necessarily physically)? Explain their roles.

7. Where does carbohydrate digestion occur? All in one place or in multplie places? What about protein or fat digestion? What are the monomers of each of the three main macromolecules associated with food? Why don't we talk about digestion of nucleic acids? Are they not important to normal cell function?

8. How do nutrients get into the blood system? Where is the site of absorption? Do all food products get absorbed in the same area? Explain the differences.

9. What are the roles of each of the macronutrients?

10. What is the difference between HDL and LDL? How are these related to diet and/or exercise. Be specific for each type.

11. What is the difference between water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins? Why might taking too much of fat-soluble be a problem or a health risk? What are the functions of vitiamins (in genreal terms).

12. Review figure 14.13. I will ask you to have a general understanding of the pyramid.